SPEC® CPU2017 Floating Point Rate Result

Copyright 2017-2019 Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation

Dell Inc.

PowerEdge R840 (Intel Xeon Gold 6252, 2.10GHz)

SPECrate2017_fp_base = 45800

SPECrate2017_fp_peak = 46800

CPU2017 License: 55 Test Date: Jul-2019
Test Sponsor: Dell Inc. Hardware Availability: Apr-2019
Tested by: Dell Inc. Software Availability: May-2019

Benchmark result graphs are available in the PDF report.

Hardware
CPU Name: Intel Xeon Gold 6252
  Max MHz.: 3700
  Nominal: 2100
Enabled: 96 cores, 4 chips, 2 threads/core
Orderable: 2,4 chips
Cache L1: 32 KB I + 32 KB D on chip per core
  L2: 1 MB I+D on chip per core
  L3: 35.75 MB I+D on chip per chip
  Other: None
Memory: 768 GB (24 x 32 GB 2Rx4 PC4-2933Y-R)
Storage: 1 x 960 GB SATA SSD
Other: None
Software
OS: Ubuntu 18.04.2 LTS
kernel 4.15.0-45-generic
Compiler: C/C++: Version 19.0.4.227 of Intel C/C++
Compiler Build 20190416 for Linux;
Fortran: Version 19.0.4.227 of Intel Fortran
Compiler Build 20190416 for Linux
Parallel: No
Firmware: Version 2.2.9 released May-2019
File System: ext4
System State: Run level 5 (multi-user)
Base Pointers: 64-bit
Peak Pointers: 64-bit
Other: None

Results Table

Benchmark Base Peak
Copies Seconds Ratio Seconds Ratio Seconds Ratio Copies Seconds Ratio Seconds Ratio Seconds Ratio
SPECrate2017_fp_base 45800
SPECrate2017_fp_peak 46800
Results appear in the order in which they were run. Bold underlined text indicates a median measurement.
503.bwaves_r 192 1887 1020 1888 1020 192 1893 1020 1892 1020
507.cactuBSSN_r 192 618 393 618 394 192 616 394 618 393
508.namd_r 192 511 357 512 357 192 503 363 505 361
510.parest_r 192 1967 255 1968 255 192 1961 256 1959 256
511.povray_r 192 827 542 831 540 192 687 652 691 649
519.lbm_r 192 846 239 844 240 192 830 244 831 244
521.wrf_r 192 940 457 933 461 192 931 462 936 460
526.blender_r 192 562 520 562 520 192 562 520 563 519
527.cam4_r 192 608 552 605 555 192 593 566 594 565
538.imagick_r 192 409 1170 411 1160 192 411 1160 411 1160
544.nab_r 192 384 842 385 839 192 385 840 386 838
549.fotonik3d_r 192 2302 325 2295 326 192 2304 325 2302 325
554.roms_r 192 1538 198 1534 199 192 1487 205 1489 205

Submit Notes

 The numactl mechanism was used to bind copies to processors. The config file option 'submit'
 was used to generate numactl commands to bind each copy to a specific processor.
 For details, please see the config file.

General Notes

Environment variables set by runcpu before the start of the run:
LD_LIBRARY_PATH = "/home/cpu2017/lib/intel64"

 Binaries compiled on a system with 1x Intel Core i9-7900X CPU + 32GB RAM
 memory using Redhat Enterprise Linux 7.5
 NA: The test sponsor attests, as of date of publication, that CVE-2017-5754 (Meltdown)
 is mitigated in the system as tested and documented.
 Yes: The test sponsor attests, as of date of publication, that CVE-2017-5753 (Spectre variant 1)
 is mitigated in the system as tested and documented.
 Yes: The test sponsor attests, as of date of publication, that CVE-2017-5715 (Spectre variant 2)
 is mitigated in the system as tested and documented.
 Transparent Huge Pages enabled by default
 Prior to runcpu invocation
 Filesystem page cache synced and cleared with:
 sync; echo 3>       /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
 runcpu command invoked through numactl i.e.:
 numactl --interleave=all runcpu <etc>

Platform Notes

 BIOS settings:
 ADDDC setting disabled
 Virtualization Technology disabled
 DCU Streamer Prefetcher disabled
 System Profile set to Custom
 CPU Performance set to Maximum Performance
 C States set to Autonomous
 C1E disabled
 Uncore Frequency set to Dynamic
 Energy Efficiency Policy set to Performance
 Memory Patrol Scrub disabled
 Logical Processor enabled
 CPU Interconnect Bus Link Power Management disabled
 PCI ASPM L1 Link Power Management disabled
 Sysinfo program /home/cpu2017/bin/sysinfo
 Rev: r5974 of 2018-05-19 9bcde8f2999c33d61f64985e45859ea9
 running on intel-sut Thu Jul 25 09:37:08 2019

 SUT (System Under Test) info as seen by some common utilities.
 For more information on this section, see
    https://www.spec.org/cpu2017/Docs/config.html#sysinfo

 From /proc/cpuinfo
    model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6252 CPU @ 2.10GHz
       4  "physical id"s (chips)
       192 "processors"
    cores, siblings (Caution: counting these is hw and system dependent. The following
    excerpts from /proc/cpuinfo might not be reliable.  Use with caution.)
       cpu cores : 24
       siblings  : 48
       physical 0: cores 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 16 17 18 19 20 21 25 26 27 28 29
       physical 1: cores 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 16 17 18 19 20 21 25 26 27 28 29
       physical 2: cores 0 1 2 3 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 25 26 27 28 29
       physical 3: cores 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 16 17 18 19 20 21 25 26 27 28 29

 From lscpu:
      Architecture:        x86_64
      CPU op-mode(s):      32-bit, 64-bit
      Byte Order:          Little Endian
      CPU(s):              192
      On-line CPU(s) list: 0-191
      Thread(s) per core:  2
      Core(s) per socket:  24
      Socket(s):           4
      NUMA node(s):        8
      Vendor ID:           GenuineIntel
      CPU family:          6
      Model:               85
      Model name:          Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6252 CPU @ 2.10GHz
      Stepping:            6
      CPU MHz:             2466.305
      BogoMIPS:            4200.00
      Virtualization:      VT-x
      L1d cache:           32K
      L1i cache:           32K
      L2 cache:            1024K
      L3 cache:            36608K
      NUMA node0 CPU(s):
      0,8,16,24,32,40,48,56,64,72,80,88,96,104,112,120,128,136,144,152,160,168,176,184
      NUMA node1 CPU(s):
      1,9,17,25,33,41,49,57,65,73,81,89,97,105,113,121,129,137,145,153,161,169,177,185
      NUMA node2 CPU(s):
      2,10,18,22,26,34,42,50,58,66,82,90,98,106,114,118,122,130,138,146,154,162,178,186
      NUMA node3 CPU(s):
      3,11,19,27,35,43,51,59,67,75,83,91,99,107,115,123,131,139,147,155,163,171,179,187
      NUMA node4 CPU(s):
      4,12,20,28,36,44,52,60,68,76,84,92,100,108,116,124,132,140,148,156,164,172,180,188
      NUMA node5 CPU(s):
      5,13,21,29,37,45,53,61,69,77,85,93,101,109,117,125,133,141,149,157,165,173,181,189
      NUMA node6 CPU(s):
      6,14,30,38,46,54,62,70,74,78,86,94,102,110,126,134,142,150,158,166,170,174,182,190
      NUMA node7 CPU(s):
      7,15,23,31,39,47,55,63,71,79,87,95,103,111,119,127,135,143,151,159,167,175,183,191
      Flags:               fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov
      pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp
      lm constant_tsc art arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cpuid
      aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx smx est tm2 ssse3 sdbg fma cx16
      xtpr pdcm pcid dca sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt aes xsave avx f16c rdrand
      lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch cpuid_fault epb cat_l3 cdp_l3 invpcid_single intel_ppin
      ssbd mba ibrs ibpb stibp ibrs_enhanced tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid
      fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rtm cqm mpx rdt_a avx512f
      avx512dq rdseed adx smap clflushopt clwb intel_pt avx512cd avx512bw avx512vl
      xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 xsaves cqm_llc cqm_occup_llc cqm_mbm_total cqm_mbm_local
      dtherm ida arat pln pts pku ospke avx512_vnni flush_l1d arch_capabilities

 /proc/cpuinfo cache data
    cache size : 36608 KB

 From numactl --hardware  WARNING: a numactl 'node' might or might not correspond to a
 physical chip.
   available: 8 nodes (0-7)
   node 0 cpus: 0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160 168
   176 184
   node 0 size: 95145 MB
   node 0 free: 94637 MB
   node 1 cpus: 1 9 17 25 33 41 49 57 65 73 81 89 97 105 113 121 129 137 145 153 161 169
   177 185
   node 1 size: 96763 MB
   node 1 free: 96289 MB
   node 2 cpus: 2 10 18 22 26 34 42 50 58 66 82 90 98 106 114 118 122 130 138 146 154 162
   178 186
   node 2 size: 96742 MB
   node 2 free: 96203 MB
   node 3 cpus: 3 11 19 27 35 43 51 59 67 75 83 91 99 107 115 123 131 139 147 155 163 171
   179 187
   node 3 size: 96763 MB
   node 3 free: 96335 MB
   node 4 cpus: 4 12 20 28 36 44 52 60 68 76 84 92 100 108 116 124 132 140 148 156 164 172
   180 188
   node 4 size: 96763 MB
   node 4 free: 96301 MB
   node 5 cpus: 5 13 21 29 37 45 53 61 69 77 85 93 101 109 117 125 133 141 149 157 165 173
   181 189
   node 5 size: 96763 MB
   node 5 free: 96311 MB
   node 6 cpus: 6 14 30 38 46 54 62 70 74 78 86 94 102 110 126 134 142 150 158 166 170 174
   182 190
   node 6 size: 96763 MB
   node 6 free: 96328 MB
   node 7 cpus: 7 15 23 31 39 47 55 63 71 79 87 95 103 111 119 127 135 143 151 159 167 175
   183 191
   node 7 size: 96761 MB
   node 7 free: 96338 MB
   node distances:
   node   0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
     0:  10  21  21  21  11  21  21  21
     1:  21  10  21  21  21  11  21  21
     2:  21  21  10  21  21  21  11  21
     3:  21  21  21  10  21  21  21  11
     4:  11  21  21  21  10  21  21  21
     5:  21  11  21  21  21  10  21  21
     6:  21  21  11  21  21  21  10  21
     7:  21  21  21  11  21  21  21  10

 From /proc/meminfo
    MemTotal:       791006940 kB
    HugePages_Total:       0
    Hugepagesize:       2048 kB

 /usr/bin/lsb_release -d
    Ubuntu 18.04.2 LTS

 From /etc/*release* /etc/*version*
    debian_version: buster/sid
    os-release:
       NAME="Ubuntu"
       VERSION="18.04.2 LTS (Bionic Beaver)"
       ID=ubuntu
       ID_LIKE=debian
       PRETTY_NAME="Ubuntu 18.04.2 LTS"
       VERSION_ID="18.04"
       HOME_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/"
       SUPPORT_URL="https://help.ubuntu.com/"

 uname -a:
    Linux intel-sut 4.15.0-45-generic #48-Ubuntu SMP Tue Jan 29 16:28:13 UTC 2019 x86_64
    x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

 Kernel self-reported vulnerability status:

 CVE-2017-5754 (Meltdown):          Not affected
 CVE-2017-5753 (Spectre variant 1): Mitigation: __user pointer sanitization
 CVE-2017-5715 (Spectre variant 2): Mitigation: Enhanced IBRS, IBPB

 run-level 5 Jul 25 03:01

 SPEC is set to: /home/cpu2017
    Filesystem     Type  Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
    /dev/sda2      ext4  439G   37G  380G   9% /

 Additional information from dmidecode follows.  WARNING: Use caution when you interpret
 this section. The 'dmidecode' program reads system data which is "intended to allow
 hardware to be accurately determined", but the intent may not be met, as there are
 frequent changes to hardware, firmware, and the "DMTF SMBIOS" standard.
   BIOS Dell Inc. 2.2.9 05/08/2019
   Memory:
    24x 00AD00B300AD HMA84GR7CJR4N-WM 32 GB 2 rank 2933
    24x Not Specified Not Specified

 (End of data from sysinfo program)

Compiler Version Notes

==============================================================================
 CC  519.lbm_r(base) 538.imagick_r(base, peak) 544.nab_r(base, peak)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intel(R) C Intel(R) 64 Compiler for applications running on Intel(R) 64,
  Version 19.0.4.227 Build 20190416
Copyright (C) 1985-2019 Intel Corporation.  All rights reserved.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

==============================================================================
CC   519.lbm_r(peak)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intel(R) C Intel(R) 64 Compiler for applications running on Intel(R) 64,
  Version 19.0.4.227 Build 20190416
Copyright (C) 1985-2019 Intel Corporation.  All rights reserved.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

==============================================================================
 CXXC 508.namd_r(base) 510.parest_r(base, peak)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intel(R) C++ Intel(R) 64 Compiler for applications running on Intel(R) 64,
  Version 19.0.4.227 Build 20190416
Copyright (C) 1985-2019 Intel Corporation.  All rights reserved.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

==============================================================================
CXXC 508.namd_r(peak)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intel(R) C++ Intel(R) 64 Compiler for applications running on Intel(R) 64,
  Version 19.0.4.227 Build 20190416
Copyright (C) 1985-2019 Intel Corporation.  All rights reserved.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

==============================================================================
 CC  511.povray_r(base) 526.blender_r(base, peak)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intel(R) C++ Intel(R) 64 Compiler for applications running on Intel(R) 64,
  Version 19.0.4.227 Build 20190416
Copyright (C) 1985-2019 Intel Corporation.  All rights reserved.
Intel(R) C Intel(R) 64 Compiler for applications running on Intel(R) 64,
  Version 19.0.4.227 Build 20190416
Copyright (C) 1985-2019 Intel Corporation.  All rights reserved.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

==============================================================================
CC   511.povray_r(peak)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intel(R) C++ Intel(R) 64 Compiler for applications running on Intel(R) 64,
  Version 19.0.4.227 Build 20190416
Copyright (C) 1985-2019 Intel Corporation.  All rights reserved.
Intel(R) C Intel(R) 64 Compiler for applications running on Intel(R) 64,
  Version 19.0.4.227 Build 20190416
Copyright (C) 1985-2019 Intel Corporation.  All rights reserved.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

==============================================================================
 FC  507.cactuBSSN_r(base, peak)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intel(R) C++ Intel(R) 64 Compiler for applications running on Intel(R) 64,
  Version 19.0.4.227 Build 20190416
Copyright (C) 1985-2019 Intel Corporation.  All rights reserved.
Intel(R) C Intel(R) 64 Compiler for applications running on Intel(R) 64,
  Version 19.0.4.227 Build 20190416
Copyright (C) 1985-2019 Intel Corporation.  All rights reserved.
Intel(R) Fortran Intel(R) 64 Compiler for applications running on Intel(R)
  64, Version 19.0.4.227 Build 20190416
Copyright (C) 1985-2019 Intel Corporation.  All rights reserved.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

==============================================================================
 FC  503.bwaves_r(base, peak) 549.fotonik3d_r(base, peak) 554.roms_r(base)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intel(R) Fortran Intel(R) 64 Compiler for applications running on Intel(R)
  64, Version 19.0.4.227 Build 20190416
Copyright (C) 1985-2019 Intel Corporation.  All rights reserved.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

==============================================================================
FC   554.roms_r(peak)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intel(R) Fortran Intel(R) 64 Compiler for applications running on Intel(R)
  64, Version 19.0.4.227 Build 20190416
Copyright (C) 1985-2019 Intel Corporation.  All rights reserved.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

==============================================================================
 CC  521.wrf_r(base) 527.cam4_r(base)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intel(R) Fortran Intel(R) 64 Compiler for applications running on Intel(R)
  64, Version 19.0.4.227 Build 20190416
Copyright (C) 1985-2019 Intel Corporation.  All rights reserved.
Intel(R) C Intel(R) 64 Compiler for applications running on Intel(R) 64,
  Version 19.0.4.227 Build 20190416
Copyright (C) 1985-2019 Intel Corporation.  All rights reserved.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

==============================================================================
CC   521.wrf_r(peak) 527.cam4_r(peak)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intel(R) Fortran Intel(R) 64 Compiler for applications running on Intel(R)
  64, Version 19.0.4.227 Build 20190416
Copyright (C) 1985-2019 Intel Corporation.  All rights reserved.
Intel(R) C Intel(R) 64 Compiler for applications running on Intel(R) 64,
  Version 19.0.4.227 Build 20190416
Copyright (C) 1985-2019 Intel Corporation.  All rights reserved.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Base Compiler Invocation

C benchmarks:

 icc -m64 -std=c11 

C++ benchmarks:

 icpc -m64 

Fortran benchmarks:

 ifort -m64 

Benchmarks using both Fortran and C:

 ifort -m64   icc -m64 -std=c11 

Benchmarks using both C and C++:

 icpc -m64   icc -m64 -std=c11 

Benchmarks using Fortran, C, and C++:

 icpc -m64   icc -m64 -std=c11   ifort -m64 

Base Portability Flags

503.bwaves_r:  -DSPEC_LP64 
507.cactuBSSN_r:  -DSPEC_LP64 
508.namd_r:  -DSPEC_LP64 
510.parest_r:  -DSPEC_LP64 
511.povray_r:  -DSPEC_LP64 
519.lbm_r:  -DSPEC_LP64 
521.wrf_r:  -DSPEC_LP64   -DSPEC_CASE_FLAG   -convert big_endian 
526.blender_r:  -DSPEC_LP64   -DSPEC_LINUX   -funsigned-char 
527.cam4_r:  -DSPEC_LP64   -DSPEC_CASE_FLAG 
538.imagick_r:  -DSPEC_LP64 
544.nab_r:  -DSPEC_LP64 
549.fotonik3d_r:  -DSPEC_LP64 
554.roms_r:  -DSPEC_LP64 

Base Optimization Flags

C benchmarks:

 -xCORE-AVX2   -ipo   -O3   -no-prec-div   -qopt-prefetch   -ffinite-math-only   -qopt-mem-layout-trans=4 

C++ benchmarks:

 -xCORE-AVX2   -ipo   -O3   -no-prec-div   -qopt-prefetch   -ffinite-math-only   -qopt-mem-layout-trans=4 

Fortran benchmarks:

 -xCORE-AVX2   -ipo   -O3   -no-prec-div   -qopt-prefetch   -ffinite-math-only   -qopt-mem-layout-trans=4   -auto   -nostandard-realloc-lhs   -align array32byte 

Benchmarks using both Fortran and C:

 -xCORE-AVX2   -ipo   -O3   -no-prec-div   -qopt-prefetch   -ffinite-math-only   -qopt-mem-layout-trans=4   -auto   -nostandard-realloc-lhs   -align array32byte 

Benchmarks using both C and C++:

 -xCORE-AVX2   -ipo   -O3   -no-prec-div   -qopt-prefetch   -ffinite-math-only   -qopt-mem-layout-trans=4 

Benchmarks using Fortran, C, and C++:

 -xCORE-AVX2   -ipo   -O3   -no-prec-div   -qopt-prefetch   -ffinite-math-only   -qopt-mem-layout-trans=4   -auto   -nostandard-realloc-lhs   -align array32byte 

Peak Compiler Invocation

C benchmarks:

 icc -m64 -std=c11 

C++ benchmarks:

 icpc -m64 

Fortran benchmarks:

 ifort -m64 

Benchmarks using both Fortran and C:

 ifort -m64   icc -m64 -std=c11 

Benchmarks using both C and C++:

 icpc -m64   icc -m64 -std=c11 

Benchmarks using Fortran, C, and C++:

 icpc -m64   icc -m64 -std=c11   ifort -m64 

Peak Portability Flags

Same as Base Portability Flags

Peak Optimization Flags

C benchmarks:

519.lbm_r:  -prof-gen(pass 1)   -prof-use(pass 2)   -ipo   -xCORE-AVX2   -O3   -no-prec-div   -qopt-prefetch   -ffinite-math-only   -qopt-mem-layout-trans=4 
538.imagick_r:  -xCORE-AVX2   -ipo   -O3   -no-prec-div   -qopt-prefetch   -ffinite-math-only   -qopt-mem-layout-trans=4 
544.nab_r:  Same as 538.imagick_r 

C++ benchmarks:

508.namd_r:  -prof-gen(pass 1)   -prof-use(pass 2)   -ipo   -xCORE-AVX2   -O3   -no-prec-div   -qopt-prefetch   -ffinite-math-only   -qopt-mem-layout-trans=4 
510.parest_r:  -xCORE-AVX2   -ipo   -O3   -no-prec-div   -qopt-prefetch   -ffinite-math-only   -qopt-mem-layout-trans=4 

Fortran benchmarks:

503.bwaves_r:  -xCORE-AVX2   -ipo   -O3   -no-prec-div   -qopt-prefetch   -ffinite-math-only   -qopt-mem-layout-trans=4   -auto   -nostandard-realloc-lhs   -align array32byte 
549.fotonik3d_r:  Same as 503.bwaves_r 
554.roms_r:  -prof-gen(pass 1)   -prof-use(pass 2)   -ipo   -xCORE-AVX2   -O3   -no-prec-div   -qopt-prefetch   -ffinite-math-only   -qopt-mem-layout-trans=4   -auto   -nostandard-realloc-lhs   -align array32byte 

Benchmarks using both Fortran and C:

 -prof-gen(pass 1)   -prof-use(pass 2)   -ipo   -xCORE-AVX2   -O3   -no-prec-div   -qopt-prefetch   -ffinite-math-only   -qopt-mem-layout-trans=4   -auto   -nostandard-realloc-lhs   -align array32byte 

Benchmarks using both C and C++:

511.povray_r:  -prof-gen(pass 1)   -prof-use(pass 2)   -ipo   -xCORE-AVX2   -O3   -no-prec-div   -qopt-prefetch   -ffinite-math-only   -qopt-mem-layout-trans=4 
526.blender_r:  -xCORE-AVX2   -ipo   -O3   -no-prec-div   -qopt-prefetch   -ffinite-math-only   -qopt-mem-layout-trans=4 

Benchmarks using Fortran, C, and C++:

 -xCORE-AVX2   -ipo   -O3   -no-prec-div   -qopt-prefetch   -ffinite-math-only   -qopt-mem-layout-trans=4   -auto   -nostandard-realloc-lhs   -align array32byte 

The flags files that were used to format this result can be browsed at
http://www.spec.org/cpu2017/flags/Intel-ic18.0-official-linux64.2019-04-02.html,
http://www.spec.org/cpu2017/flags/Dell-Platform-Flags-PowerEdge14G-revE2.html.

You can also download the XML flags sources by saving the following links:
http://www.spec.org/cpu2017/flags/Intel-ic18.0-official-linux64.2019-04-02.xml,
http://www.spec.org/cpu2017/flags/Dell-Platform-Flags-PowerEdge14G-revE2.xml.