Base Compiler Invocation
C benchmarks
-
- pgcc
![[user]](http://www.spec.org/auto/cpu2006/flags/user.png)
- CC, LD
-
The PGI C compiler for Linux.
C++ benchmarks
-
- pgcpp
- CXX, LD
-
The PGI C++ compiler for Linux.
This result has been formatted using multiple flags files. The "default header section" from each of them appears next.
Copyright © 2007, 2008 Pathscale LLD. 2006, 2007. QLogic Corporation. All rights reserved.
The PGI C compiler for Linux.
The PGI C++ compiler for Linux.
Invoke the PathScale C compiler.
Also used to invoke linker for C programs.
The PGI C compiler for Linux.
The PGI C compiler for Linux.
The PGI C++ compiler for Linux.
Invoke the PathScale C++ compiler.
Also used to invoke linker for C++ programs.
![[benchmark]](http://www.spec.org/auto/cpu2006/flags/benchmark.png)
This macro specifies that the target system uses the LP64 data model; specifically, that integers are 32 bits, while longs and pointers are 64 bits.
This macro indicates that the benchmark is being compiled on an AMD64-compatible system running the Linux operating system.
![[suite]](http://www.spec.org/auto/cpu2006/flags/suite.png)
This option is used to indicate that the host system's integers are 32-bits wide, and longs and pointers are 64-bits wide. Not all benchmarks recognize this macro, but the preferred practice for data model selection applies the flags to all benchmarks; this flag description is a placeholder for those benchmarks that do not recognize this macro.
This option is used to indicate that the host system's integers are 32-bits wide, and longs and pointers are 64-bits wide. Not all benchmarks recognize this macro, but the preferred practice for data model selection applies the flags to all benchmarks; this flag description is a placeholder for those benchmarks that do not recognize this macro.
This option is used to indicate that the host system's integers are 32-bits wide, and longs and pointers are 64-bits wide. Not all benchmarks recognize this macro, but the preferred practice for data model selection applies the flags to all benchmarks; this flag description is a placeholder for those benchmarks that do not recognize this macro.
This option is used to indicate that the host system's integers are 32-bits wide, and longs and pointers are 64-bits wide. Not all benchmarks recognize this macro, but the preferred practice for data model selection applies the flags to all benchmarks; this flag description is a placeholder for those benchmarks that do not recognize this macro.
This option is used to indicate that the host system's integers are 32-bits wide, and longs and pointers are 64-bits wide. Not all benchmarks recognize this macro, but the preferred practice for data model selection applies the flags to all benchmarks; this flag description is a placeholder for those benchmarks that do not recognize this macro.
This option is used to indicate that the host system's integers are 32-bits wide, and longs and pointers are 64-bits wide. Not all benchmarks recognize this macro, but the preferred practice for data model selection applies the flags to all benchmarks; this flag description is a placeholder for those benchmarks that do not recognize this macro.
This option is used to indicate that the host system's integers are 32-bits wide, and longs and pointers are 64-bits wide. Not all benchmarks recognize this macro, but the preferred practice for data model selection applies the flags to all benchmarks; this flag description is a placeholder for those benchmarks that do not recognize this macro.
Portability changes for Linux
This option is used to indicate that the host system's integers are 32-bits wide, and longs and pointers are 64-bits wide. Not all benchmarks recognize this macro, but the preferred practice for data model selection applies the flags to all benchmarks; this flag description is a placeholder for those benchmarks that do not recognize this macro.
This flag can be set for SPEC compilation for Linux using default compiler.
This macro specifies that the target system uses the LP64 data model; specifically, that integers are 32 bits, while longs and pointers are 64 bits.
This macro indicates that the benchmark is being compiled on an AMD64-compatible system running the Linux operating system.
This option is used to indicate that the host system's integers are 32-bits wide, and longs and pointers are 64-bits wide. Not all benchmarks recognize this macro, but the preferred practice for data model selection applies the flags to all benchmarks; this flag description is a placeholder for those benchmarks that do not recognize this macro.
This option is used to indicate that the host system's integers are 32-bits wide, and longs and pointers are 64-bits wide. Not all benchmarks recognize this macro, but the preferred practice for data model selection applies the flags to all benchmarks; this flag description is a placeholder for those benchmarks that do not recognize this macro.
This option is used to indicate that the host system's integers are 32-bits wide, and longs and pointers are 64-bits wide. Not all benchmarks recognize this macro, but the preferred practice for data model selection applies the flags to all benchmarks; this flag description is a placeholder for those benchmarks that do not recognize this macro.
This option is used to indicate that the host system's integers are 32-bits wide, and longs and pointers are 64-bits wide. Not all benchmarks recognize this macro, but the preferred practice for data model selection applies the flags to all benchmarks; this flag description is a placeholder for those benchmarks that do not recognize this macro.
This option is used to indicate that the host system's integers are 32-bits wide, and longs and pointers are 64-bits wide. Not all benchmarks recognize this macro, but the preferred practice for data model selection applies the flags to all benchmarks; this flag description is a placeholder for those benchmarks that do not recognize this macro.
Portability changes for Linux
This option is used to indicate that the host system's integers are 32-bits wide, and longs and pointers are 64-bits wide. Not all benchmarks recognize this macro, but the preferred practice for data model selection applies the flags to all benchmarks; this flag description is a placeholder for those benchmarks that do not recognize this macro.
This flag can be set for SPEC compilation for Linux using default compiler.
Instructs the vectorizer, when performing cache tiling optimizations, to assume a cache size of 6291456. The default size is processor dependent.
Chooses generally optimal flags for the target platform. As of the PGI 7.0 release, the flags "-fast" and "-fastsse" are equivlent for 64-bit compilations. For 32-bit compilations "-fast" does not include "-Mscalarsse", "-Mcache_align", or "-Mvect=sse".
Link with the huge page runtime library. The maximum number of huge pages the application can use is limited by the number of huge pages the operating system has available or the value of the environment variable PGI_HUGE_PAGES.
Instructs the compiler to use relaxed precision in the calculation of some intrinsic functions. Can result in improved performance at the expense of numerical accuracy. The default on an AMD system is "-Mfprelaxed=sqrt,rsqrt,order". The default on an Intel system is "-Mfprelaxed=rsqrt,sqrt,div,order"
Instructs the compiler to perform interprocedural analysis. Equivalant to -Mipa=align,arg,const,f90ptr,shape,globals,libc,localarg,ptr,pure.
Interprocedural Analysis option: Automatically determine which functions to inline, limit to 2 levels (default). IPA-based function inlining is performed from leaf routines upward.
Specify the type of the target processor as AMD64 Barcelona Processor 64-bit mode.
Staticily link with the PGI runtime libraries. System libraries may still be dynamically linked.
Instructs the vectorizer, when performing cache tiling optimizations, to assume a cache size of 6291456. The default size is processor dependent.
Chooses generally optimal flags for the target platform. As of the PGI 7.0 release, the flags "-fast" and "-fastsse" are equivlent for 64-bit compilations. For 32-bit compilations "-fast" does not include "-Mscalarsse", "-Mcache_align", or "-Mvect=sse".
Link with the huge page runtime library. The maximum number of huge pages the application can use is limited by the number of huge pages the operating system has available or the value of the environment variable PGI_HUGE_PAGES.
Instructs the compiler to use relaxed precision in the calculation of some intrinsic functions. Can result in improved performance at the expense of numerical accuracy. The default on an AMD system is "-Mfprelaxed=sqrt,rsqrt,order". The default on an Intel system is "-Mfprelaxed=rsqrt,sqrt,div,order"
Generate zero-overhead C++ exception handlers.
Instructs the compiler to perform interprocedural analysis. Equivalant to -Mipa=align,arg,const,f90ptr,shape,globals,libc,localarg,ptr,pure.
Interprocedural Analysis option: Automatically determine which functions to inline, limit to 10 levels where 10 is a supplied constant value. If no value is suppiled, then the default value of 2 is used. IPA-based function inlining is performed from leaf routines upward.
Specify the type of the target processor as AMD64 Barcelona Processor 32-bit mode.
Staticily link with the PGI runtime libraries. System libraries may still be dynamically linked.
Compiler will optimize code for selected platform. The default value, auto, means to optimize for the platform on which the compiler is running, as determined by reading /proc/cpuinfo. anyx86 means a generic 32-bit x86 processor without SSE2 support.
-fb_create <path>
Used to specify that an instrumented executable program is to be
generated. Such an executable is suitable for producing feedback
data files with the specified prefix for use in feedback-directed
optimization (FDO).
The commonly used prefix is "fbdata".
This is OFF by default.
During the training run, the instrumented executable produces information regarding execution paths and data values, but does not generate information by using hardware performance counters.
-fb_opt <prefix for feedback data files>
Used to specify feedback-directed optimization (FDO) by extracting
feedback data from files with the specified prefix, which were
previously generated using -fb-create.
The commonly used prefix is "fbdata".
The same optimization flags should be used
for both the -fb-create and fb_opt compile steps.
Feedback data files created from executables compiled
with different optimization flags may give checksum errors.
FDO is OFF by default.
During the -fb_opt compilation phase, information regarding execution paths and data values are used to improve the information available to the optimizer. FDO enables some optimizations which are only performed when the feedback data file is available. The safety of optimizations performed under FDO is consistent with the level of safety implied by the other optimization flags (outside of fb_create and fb_opt) specified on the compile and link lines.
-Wl,-Tscriptfile
Instruct the linker to use the scriptfile as the linker script.
In the example, the scriptfile, elf_x86_64.xBDT, is needed to configure
the .bss, .data and .txt sections to utilize hugepages.
-L
Link with the hugetlbfs library for Linux. This is a library that utilizes
hugepages.
Equivalent to -O3 -ipa -OPT:Ofast -fno-math-errno -ffast-math.
Use optimizations selected to maximize performance.
Although the optimizations are generally safe, they may affect
floating point accuracy due to rearrangement of computations.
NOTE: -Ofast enables -ipa (inter-procedural analysis), which places limitations on how libraries and .o files are built.
-IPA:plimit=N : This option stops inlining into a specific subprogram once it reaches size N in the intermediate representation. Default is 2500.
-IPA:linear=(on|off|0|1): Enable the re-ordering of fields in large structs based on their reference patterns in feedback compilation to minimize data cache misses. The default is OFF.
-LNO:opt=(0|1) : This option controls the LNO optimization level. The options can be
one of the following:
0 = Disable nearly all loop nest optimizations.
1 = Perform full loop nest transformations. This is the default.
-WOPT:if_conv=(0|1|2):
Controls the optimization that translates simple IF
statements to conditional move instructions in the
target CPU. Setting to 0 suppresses this optimization.
The value of 1 designates conservative if-conversion,
in which the context around the IF statement is used
in deciding whether to if-convert. The value of 2
enables aggressive if-conversion by causing it to be
performed regardless of the context. The default is 1.
-CG:local_sched_alg=(0|1|2): Select the basic block instruction scheduling algorithm. If 0, perform backward scheduling, where instructions are scheduled from the bottom of the basic block to the top. If 1, perform forward scheduling. If 2, schedule the instructions twice - once in the forward direction and once in the backward direction - and take the better of the two schedules. The default value of this option is determined by the compiler during compilation.
Compiler will optimize code for selected platform. The default value, auto, means to optimize for the platform on which the compiler is running, as determined by reading /proc/cpuinfo. anyx86 means a generic 32-bit x86 processor without SSE2 support.
Specify the basic level of optimization desired.
The options can be one of the following:
0 Turn off all optimizations.
1 Turn on local optimizations that can be done quickly. Do peephole optimizations and instruction scheduling.
2 Turn on extensive optimization.
This is the default.
The optimizations at this level are generally conservative,
in the sense that they are virtually always beneficial and
avoid changes which affect
such things as floating point accuracy. In addition to the level
1 optimizations, do inner loop
unrolling, if-conversion, two passes of instruction scheduling,
global register allocation, dead store elimination,
instruction scheduling across basic blocks,
and partial redundancy elimination.
3 Turn on aggressive optimization.
The optimizations at this level are distinguished from -O2
by their aggressiveness, generally seeking highest-quality
generated code even if it requires extensive compile time.
They may include optimizations that are generally beneficial
but may hurt performance.
This includes but is not limited to turning on the
Loop Nest Optimizer, -LNO:opt=1, and setting
-OPT:roundoff=1:IEEE_arithmetic=2:Olimit=9000:reorg_common=ON.
s Specify that code size is to be given priority in tradeoffs with execution time.
If no value is specified, 2 is assumed.The -OPT: option group controls miscellaneous optimizations. These options override defaults based on the main optimization level.
-OPT:alias=<name>
Specify the pointer aliasing model
to be used. By specifying one or more of the following for <name>,
the compiler is able to make assumptions throughout the compilation:
typed
Assume that the code adheres to the ANSI/ISO C standard
which states that two pointers of different types cannot point
to the same location in memory.
This is ON by default when -OPT:Ofast is specified.
restrict
Specify that distinct pointers are assumed to point to distinct,
non-overlapping objects. This is OFF by default.
disjoint
Specify that any two pointer expressions are assumed to point
to distinct, non-overlapping objects. This is OFF by default.
no_f90_pointer_alias
Specify that any two Fortran 90 pointer expressions are assumed to point
to distinct, non-overlapping objects. This is OFF by default.
-OPT:Ofast
Use optimizations selected to maximize performance.
Although the optimizations are generally safe, they may affect
floating point accuracy due to rearrangement of computations.
This effectively turns on the following optimizations:
-OPT:ro=2:Olimit=0:div_split=ON:alias=typed.
-OPT:goto=(on|off|0|1)
Disable or enable the conversion of GOTOs into higher-level
structures like FOR loops. The default is ON for -O2 or higher.
-INLINE:aggressive=(on|off|0|1): Tell the compiler to be more aggressive about inlining. The default is -INLINE:aggressive=OFF.
-CG:local_sched_alg=(0|1|2): Select the basic block instruction scheduling algorithm. If 0, perform backward scheduling, where instructions are scheduled from the bottom of the basic block to the top. If 1, perform forward scheduling. If 2, schedule the instructions twice - once in the forward direction and once in the backward direction - and take the better of the two schedules. The default value of this option is determined by the compiler during compilation.
Enable the use of 3DNow instructions.
-Wl,-Tscriptfile
Instruct the linker to use the scriptfile as the linker script.
In the example, the scriptfile, elf_x86_64.xBDT, is needed to configure
the .bss, .data and .txt sections to utilize hugepages.
-L
Link with the hugetlbfs library for Linux. This is a library that utilizes
hugepages.
Compiler will optimize code for selected platform. The default value, auto, means to optimize for the platform on which the compiler is running, as determined by reading /proc/cpuinfo. anyx86 means a generic 32-bit x86 processor without SSE2 support.
-fb_create <path>
Used to specify that an instrumented executable program is to be
generated. Such an executable is suitable for producing feedback
data files with the specified prefix for use in feedback-directed
optimization (FDO).
The commonly used prefix is "fbdata".
This is OFF by default.
During the training run, the instrumented executable produces information regarding execution paths and data values, but does not generate information by using hardware performance counters.
-fb_opt <prefix for feedback data files>
Used to specify feedback-directed optimization (FDO) by extracting
feedback data from files with the specified prefix, which were
previously generated using -fb-create.
The commonly used prefix is "fbdata".
The same optimization flags should be used
for both the -fb-create and fb_opt compile steps.
Feedback data files created from executables compiled
with different optimization flags may give checksum errors.
FDO is OFF by default.
During the -fb_opt compilation phase, information regarding execution paths and data values are used to improve the information available to the optimizer. FDO enables some optimizations which are only performed when the feedback data file is available. The safety of optimizations performed under FDO is consistent with the level of safety implied by the other optimization flags (outside of fb_create and fb_opt) specified on the compile and link lines.
Equivalent to -O3 -ipa -OPT:Ofast -fno-math-errno -ffast-math.
Use optimizations selected to maximize performance.
Although the optimizations are generally safe, they may affect
floating point accuracy due to rearrangement of computations.
NOTE: -Ofast enables -ipa (inter-procedural analysis), which places limitations on how libraries and .o files are built.
-OPT:malloc_alg=(0|1)
Select an alternate malloc algorithm which may improve speed.
The compiler adds setup code in the C/C++/Fortran "main" function to enable the chosen algorithm.
The default is 0.
-LNO:trip_count=N : This flag is to provide an assumed loop trip-count if it is unknown at compile time. LNO uses this information for loop transformations and prefetch, etc. N can be any positive integer, and the default value is 1000.
-LNO:prefetch_ahead=N : Prefetch N cache line(s) ahead. The default is 2.
-CG:prefer_lru_reg=(on|off|0|1): Tell the local register allocator to use the least-recently-used register among the available registers. The default is ON.
Compile for 32-bit ABI, also known as x86 or IA32.
Compiler will optimize code for selected platform. The default value, auto, means to optimize for the platform on which the compiler is running, as determined by reading /proc/cpuinfo. anyx86 means a generic 32-bit x86 processor without SSE2 support.
Specify the basic level of optimization desired.
The options can be one of the following:
0 Turn off all optimizations.
1 Turn on local optimizations that can be done quickly. Do peephole optimizations and instruction scheduling.
2 Turn on extensive optimization.
This is the default.
The optimizations at this level are generally conservative,
in the sense that they are virtually always beneficial and
avoid changes which affect
such things as floating point accuracy. In addition to the level
1 optimizations, do inner loop
unrolling, if-conversion, two passes of instruction scheduling,
global register allocation, dead store elimination,
instruction scheduling across basic blocks,
and partial redundancy elimination.
3 Turn on aggressive optimization.
The optimizations at this level are distinguished from -O2
by their aggressiveness, generally seeking highest-quality
generated code even if it requires extensive compile time.
They may include optimizations that are generally beneficial
but may hurt performance.
This includes but is not limited to turning on the
Loop Nest Optimizer, -LNO:opt=1, and setting
-OPT:roundoff=1:IEEE_arithmetic=2:Olimit=9000:reorg_common=ON.
s Specify that code size is to be given priority in tradeoffs with execution time.
If no value is specified, 2 is assumed.Invoke inter-procedural analysis (IPA). Specifying this option is identical to specifying -IPA or -IPA:. Default settings for the individual IPA suboptions are used.
-INLINE:aggressive=(on|off|0|1): Tell the compiler to be more aggressive about inlining. The default is -INLINE:aggressive=OFF.
-CG:gcm=(on|off|0|1): Specifying OFF disables the instruction-level global code motion optimization phase. The default is ON.
-GRA:prioritize_by_density=(on|off|0|1)
Tell the Global Register Allocator to prioritize register assignment to variables based on the variable's
reference density instead of the variable's reference count. Default is OFF.
Compile for 32-bit ABI, also known as x86 or IA32.
-L
Link with the hugetlbfs library for Linux. This is a library that utilizes
hugepages.
Compiler will optimize code for selected platform. The default value, auto, means to optimize for the platform on which the compiler is running, as determined by reading /proc/cpuinfo. anyx86 means a generic 32-bit x86 processor without SSE2 support.
-fb_create <path>
Used to specify that an instrumented executable program is to be
generated. Such an executable is suitable for producing feedback
data files with the specified prefix for use in feedback-directed
optimization (FDO).
The commonly used prefix is "fbdata".
This is OFF by default.
During the training run, the instrumented executable produces information regarding execution paths and data values, but does not generate information by using hardware performance counters.
-fb_opt <prefix for feedback data files>
Used to specify feedback-directed optimization (FDO) by extracting
feedback data from files with the specified prefix, which were
previously generated using -fb-create.
The commonly used prefix is "fbdata".
The same optimization flags should be used
for both the -fb-create and fb_opt compile steps.
Feedback data files created from executables compiled
with different optimization flags may give checksum errors.
FDO is OFF by default.
During the -fb_opt compilation phase, information regarding execution paths and data values are used to improve the information available to the optimizer. FDO enables some optimizations which are only performed when the feedback data file is available. The safety of optimizations performed under FDO is consistent with the level of safety implied by the other optimization flags (outside of fb_create and fb_opt) specified on the compile and link lines.
-Wl,-Tscriptfile
Instruct the linker to use the scriptfile as the linker script.
In the example, the scriptfile, elf_x86_64.xBDT, is needed to configure
the .bss, .data and .txt sections to utilize hugepages.
-L
Link with the hugetlbfs library for Linux. This is a library that utilizes
hugepages.
Specify the basic level of optimization desired.
The options can be one of the following:
0 Turn off all optimizations.
1 Turn on local optimizations that can be done quickly. Do peephole optimizations and instruction scheduling.
2 Turn on extensive optimization.
This is the default.
The optimizations at this level are generally conservative,
in the sense that they are virtually always beneficial and
avoid changes which affect
such things as floating point accuracy. In addition to the level
1 optimizations, do inner loop
unrolling, if-conversion, two passes of instruction scheduling,
global register allocation, dead store elimination,
instruction scheduling across basic blocks,
and partial redundancy elimination.
3 Turn on aggressive optimization.
The optimizations at this level are distinguished from -O2
by their aggressiveness, generally seeking highest-quality
generated code even if it requires extensive compile time.
They may include optimizations that are generally beneficial
but may hurt performance.
This includes but is not limited to turning on the
Loop Nest Optimizer, -LNO:opt=1, and setting
-OPT:roundoff=1:IEEE_arithmetic=2:Olimit=9000:reorg_common=ON.
s Specify that code size is to be given priority in tradeoffs with execution time.
If no value is specified, 2 is assumed.The -OPT: option group controls miscellaneous optimizations. These options override defaults based on the main optimization level.
-OPT:alias=<name>
Specify the pointer aliasing model
to be used. By specifying one or more of the following for <name>,
the compiler is able to make assumptions throughout the compilation:
typed
Assume that the code adheres to the ANSI/ISO C standard
which states that two pointers of different types cannot point
to the same location in memory.
This is ON by default when -OPT:Ofast is specified.
restrict
Specify that distinct pointers are assumed to point to distinct,
non-overlapping objects. This is OFF by default.
disjoint
Specify that any two pointer expressions are assumed to point
to distinct, non-overlapping objects. This is OFF by default.
no_f90_pointer_alias
Specify that any two Fortran 90 pointer expressions are assumed to point
to distinct, non-overlapping objects. This is OFF by default.
-LNO:prefetch=(0|1|2|3) : This option specifies the level of prefetching.
0 = Prefetch disabled.
1 = Prefetch is done only for arrays that are always referenced in each iteration of a loop.
2 = Prefetch is done without the above restriction. This is the default.
3 = Most aggressive.
-LNO:ignore_feedback=(on|off|0|1) : If the flag is ON then feedback information from the loop annotations will be ignored in LNO transformations. The default is ON.
-CG:p2align=(on|off|0|1): Align loop heads to 64-byte boundaries. The default is OFF.
Instructs the vectorizer, when performing cache tiling optimizations, to assume a cache size of 6291456. The default size is processor dependent.
Chooses generally optimal flags for the target platform. As of the PGI 7.0 release, the flags "-fast" and "-fastsse" are equivlent for 64-bit compilations. For 32-bit compilations "-fast" does not include "-Mscalarsse", "-Mcache_align", or "-Mvect=sse".
Instructs the vectorizer to generate partial vectorization.
"-Munroll=n:n" instructs the compiler to unroll loops 8 times where 8 is a supplied constant value. If no constant value is given, then a default of 4 is used.
Link with the huge page runtime library. The maximum number of huge pages the application can use is limited by the number of huge pages the operating system has available or the value of the environment variable PGI_HUGE_PAGES.
Instructs the C/C++ compiler to override data dependencies between pointers of a given storage class.
Use the prefetcht0 instruction.
Instructs the compiler to use relaxed precision in the calculation of some intrinsic functions. Can result in improved performance at the expense of numerical accuracy. The default on an AMD system is "-Mfprelaxed=sqrt,rsqrt,order". The default on an Intel system is "-Mfprelaxed=rsqrt,sqrt,div,order"
Interprocedural Analysis option: Enable interprocedural constant propagation.
Interprocedural Analysis option: Enable pointer disambiguation across procedure calls.
Interprocedural Analysis option: Remove arguments replaced by -Mipa=ptr,const
Interprocedural Analysis option: Automatically determine which functions to inline, limit to 2 levels (default). IPA-based function inlining is performed from leaf routines upward.
Specify the type of the target processor as AMD64 Barcelona Processor 64-bit mode.
Staticily link with the PGI runtime libraries. System libraries may still be dynamically linked.
Compiler will optimize code for selected platform. The default value, auto, means to optimize for the platform on which the compiler is running, as determined by reading /proc/cpuinfo. anyx86 means a generic 32-bit x86 processor without SSE2 support.
-fb_create <path>
Used to specify that an instrumented executable program is to be
generated. Such an executable is suitable for producing feedback
data files with the specified prefix for use in feedback-directed
optimization (FDO).
The commonly used prefix is "fbdata".
This is OFF by default.
During the training run, the instrumented executable produces information regarding execution paths and data values, but does not generate information by using hardware performance counters.
-fb_opt <prefix for feedback data files>
Used to specify feedback-directed optimization (FDO) by extracting
feedback data from files with the specified prefix, which were
previously generated using -fb-create.
The commonly used prefix is "fbdata".
The same optimization flags should be used
for both the -fb-create and fb_opt compile steps.
Feedback data files created from executables compiled
with different optimization flags may give checksum errors.
FDO is OFF by default.
During the -fb_opt compilation phase, information regarding execution paths and data values are used to improve the information available to the optimizer. FDO enables some optimizations which are only performed when the feedback data file is available. The safety of optimizations performed under FDO is consistent with the level of safety implied by the other optimization flags (outside of fb_create and fb_opt) specified on the compile and link lines.
-Wl,-Tscriptfile
Instruct the linker to use the scriptfile as the linker script.
In the example, the scriptfile, elf_x86_64.xBDT, is needed to configure
the .bss, .data and .txt sections to utilize hugepages.
-L
Link with the hugetlbfs library for Linux. This is a library that utilizes
hugepages.
Specify the basic level of optimization desired.
The options can be one of the following:
0 Turn off all optimizations.
1 Turn on local optimizations that can be done quickly. Do peephole optimizations and instruction scheduling.
2 Turn on extensive optimization.
This is the default.
The optimizations at this level are generally conservative,
in the sense that they are virtually always beneficial and
avoid changes which affect
such things as floating point accuracy. In addition to the level
1 optimizations, do inner loop
unrolling, if-conversion, two passes of instruction scheduling,
global register allocation, dead store elimination,
instruction scheduling across basic blocks,
and partial redundancy elimination.
3 Turn on aggressive optimization.
The optimizations at this level are distinguished from -O2
by their aggressiveness, generally seeking highest-quality
generated code even if it requires extensive compile time.
They may include optimizations that are generally beneficial
but may hurt performance.
This includes but is not limited to turning on the
Loop Nest Optimizer, -LNO:opt=1, and setting
-OPT:roundoff=1:IEEE_arithmetic=2:Olimit=9000:reorg_common=ON.
s Specify that code size is to be given priority in tradeoffs with execution time.
If no value is specified, 2 is assumed.Invoke inter-procedural analysis (IPA). Specifying this option is identical to specifying -IPA or -IPA:. Default settings for the individual IPA suboptions are used.
-LNO:ignore_feedback=(on|off|0|1) : If the flag is ON then feedback information from the loop annotations will be ignored in LNO transformations. The default is ON.
-LNO:full_unroll,fu=N : Fully unroll loops with trip_count <= N inside LNO. N can be any integer between 0 and 100. The default value for N is 5. Setting this flag to 0 disables full unrolling of small trip count loops inside LNO.
-LNO:fusion=N : Perform loop fusion. N can be one of the following:
0 = Loop fusion is off
1 = Perform conservative loop fusion
2 = Perform aggressive loop fusion
The default is 1.
-LNO:fission=N : Perform loop fission. N can be one of the following:
0 = Disable loop fission (default)
1 = Perform normal loop fission as necessary
2 = Specify that fission be tried before fusion
Because -LNO:fusion is on by default, turning on fission without turning off fusion may result in their effects being nullified. Ordinarily, fusion is applied before fission. Specifying -LNO:fission=2 will turn on fission and cause it to be applied before fusion.
-IPA:pu_reorder=(0|1|2) : Control re-ordering the layout of program units based on their invocation patterns in feedback compilation to minimize instruction cache misses. This option is ignored unless under feedback compilation.
0 Disable procedure reordering. This is the default for non-C++ programs.
1 Reorder based on the frequency in which different procedures are invoked. This is the default for C++ programs.
2 Reorder based on caller-callee relationship.
-CG:ptr_load_use=N: Add a latency of N cycles between an instruction that loads a pointer and an instruction that uses the pointer. The extra latency will force the instruction scheduler to schedule the pointer load earlier. In general, it is beneficial to load pointers as soon as possible so that dependent memory instructions can begin execution. N is 4 by default. ("Load pointer" instructions include load-execute instructions that compute a pointer result.)
-OPT:unroll_times_max=N
Unroll inner loops by a maximum of N. The default is 4.
-INLINE:aggressive=(on|off|0|1): Tell the compiler to be more aggressive about inlining. The default is -INLINE:aggressive=OFF.
Instructs the vectorizer, when performing cache tiling optimizations, to assume a cache size of 6291456. The default size is processor dependent.
Chooses generally optimal flags for the target platform. As of the PGI 7.0 release, the flags "-fast" and "-fastsse" are equivlent for 64-bit compilations. For 32-bit compilations "-fast" does not include "-Mscalarsse", "-Mcache_align", or "-Mvect=sse".
"-Munroll=m:n" instructs the compiler to unroll loops with multiple blocks 8 times where 8 is a supplied constant value. If no constant value is given, then a default of 4 is used.
Link with the huge page runtime library. The maximum number of huge pages the application can use is limited by the number of huge pages the operating system has available or the value of the environment variable PGI_HUGE_PAGES.
Set the fetch-ahead distance for prefetch instructions to 4 cache lines
Instructs the compiler to use relaxed precision in the calculation of some intrinsic functions. Can result in improved performance at the expense of numerical accuracy. The default on an AMD system is "-Mfprelaxed=sqrt,rsqrt,order". The default on an Intel system is "-Mfprelaxed=rsqrt,sqrt,div,order"
Instructs the compiler to perform interprocedural analysis. Equivalant to -Mipa=align,arg,const,f90ptr,shape,globals,libc,localarg,ptr,pure.
Interprocedural Analysis option: Automatically determine which functions to inline, limit to 2 levels (default). IPA-based function inlining is performed from leaf routines upward.
Interprocedural Analysis option: Do not remove arguments replaced by -Mipa=ptr,const
Specify the type of the target processor as AMD64 Barcelona Processor 64-bit mode.
Staticily link with the PGI runtime libraries. System libraries may still be dynamically linked.
Compiler will optimize code for selected platform. The default value, auto, means to optimize for the platform on which the compiler is running, as determined by reading /proc/cpuinfo. anyx86 means a generic 32-bit x86 processor without SSE2 support.
-fb_create <path>
Used to specify that an instrumented executable program is to be
generated. Such an executable is suitable for producing feedback
data files with the specified prefix for use in feedback-directed
optimization (FDO).
The commonly used prefix is "fbdata".
This is OFF by default.
During the training run, the instrumented executable produces information regarding execution paths and data values, but does not generate information by using hardware performance counters.
-fb_opt <prefix for feedback data files>
Used to specify feedback-directed optimization (FDO) by extracting
feedback data from files with the specified prefix, which were
previously generated using -fb-create.
The commonly used prefix is "fbdata".
The same optimization flags should be used
for both the -fb-create and fb_opt compile steps.
Feedback data files created from executables compiled
with different optimization flags may give checksum errors.
FDO is OFF by default.
During the -fb_opt compilation phase, information regarding execution paths and data values are used to improve the information available to the optimizer. FDO enables some optimizations which are only performed when the feedback data file is available. The safety of optimizations performed under FDO is consistent with the level of safety implied by the other optimization flags (outside of fb_create and fb_opt) specified on the compile and link lines.
-Wl,-Tscriptfile
Instruct the linker to use the scriptfile as the linker script.
In the example, the scriptfile, elf_x86_64.xBDT, is needed to configure
the .bss, .data and .txt sections to utilize hugepages.
-L
Link with the hugetlbfs library for Linux. This is a library that utilizes
hugepages.
Specify the basic level of optimization desired.
The options can be one of the following:
0 Turn off all optimizations.
1 Turn on local optimizations that can be done quickly. Do peephole optimizations and instruction scheduling.
2 Turn on extensive optimization.
This is the default.
The optimizations at this level are generally conservative,
in the sense that they are virtually always beneficial and
avoid changes which affect
such things as floating point accuracy. In addition to the level
1 optimizations, do inner loop
unrolling, if-conversion, two passes of instruction scheduling,
global register allocation, dead store elimination,
instruction scheduling across basic blocks,
and partial redundancy elimination.
3 Turn on aggressive optimization.
The optimizations at this level are distinguished from -O2
by their aggressiveness, generally seeking highest-quality
generated code even if it requires extensive compile time.
They may include optimizations that are generally beneficial
but may hurt performance.
This includes but is not limited to turning on the
Loop Nest Optimizer, -LNO:opt=1, and setting
-OPT:roundoff=1:IEEE_arithmetic=2:Olimit=9000:reorg_common=ON.
s Specify that code size is to be given priority in tradeoffs with execution time.
If no value is specified, 2 is assumed.-IPA:plimit=N : This option stops inlining into a specific subprogram once it reaches size N in the intermediate representation. Default is 2500.
The -OPT: option group controls miscellaneous optimizations. These options override defaults based on the main optimization level.
-OPT:alias=<name>
Specify the pointer aliasing model
to be used. By specifying one or more of the following for <name>,
the compiler is able to make assumptions throughout the compilation:
typed
Assume that the code adheres to the ANSI/ISO C standard
which states that two pointers of different types cannot point
to the same location in memory.
This is ON by default when -OPT:Ofast is specified.
restrict
Specify that distinct pointers are assumed to point to distinct,
non-overlapping objects. This is OFF by default.
disjoint
Specify that any two pointer expressions are assumed to point
to distinct, non-overlapping objects. This is OFF by default.
no_f90_pointer_alias
Specify that any two Fortran 90 pointer expressions are assumed to point
to distinct, non-overlapping objects. This is OFF by default.
-LNO:prefetch=(0|1|2|3) : This option specifies the level of prefetching.
0 = Prefetch disabled.
1 = Prefetch is done only for arrays that are always referenced in each iteration of a loop.
2 = Prefetch is done without the above restriction. This is the default.
3 = Most aggressive.
-CG:ptr_load_use=N: Add a latency of N cycles between an instruction that loads a pointer and an instruction that uses the pointer. The extra latency will force the instruction scheduler to schedule the pointer load earlier. In general, it is beneficial to load pointers as soon as possible so that dependent memory instructions can begin execution. N is 4 by default. ("Load pointer" instructions include load-execute instructions that compute a pointer result.)
-CG:push_pop_int_saved_regs=(on|off|0|1): Use the X86 push and pop instructions to save the integer callee-saved registers at function prologs and epilogs instead of mov instructions to and from memory locations based off the stack pointer. The default is ON when the CPU target is barcelona, and OFF otherwise.
-CG:prefer_lru_reg=(on|off|0|1): Tell the local register allocator to use the least-recently-used register among the available registers. The default is ON.
Generate profile-feedback instrumentation (PFI); this includes extra code to collect run-time statistics and dump them to a trace file for use in a subsequent compilation. PFI gathers information about a program's execution and data values but does not gather information from hardware performance counters. PFI does gather data for optimizations which are unique to profile-feedback optimization.
Enable profile-feedback optimizations.
Instructs the compiler to perform interprocedural analysis. Equivalant to -Mipa=align,arg,const,f90ptr,shape,globals,libc,localarg,ptr,pure.
Interprocedural Analysis option: Automatically determine which functions to inline, limit to 6 levels where 6 is a supplied constant value. If no value is suppiled, then the default value of 2 is used. IPA-based function inlining is performed from leaf routines upward.
Instructs the vectorizer, when performing cache tiling optimizations, to assume a cache size of 6291456. The default size is processor dependent.
Chooses generally optimal flags for the target platform. As of the PGI 7.0 release, the flags "-fast" and "-fastsse" are equivlent for 64-bit compilations. For 32-bit compilations "-fast" does not include "-Mscalarsse", "-Mcache_align", or "-Mvect=sse".
Link with the huge page runtime library. The maximum number of huge pages the application can use is limited by the number of huge pages the operating system has available or the value of the environment variable PGI_HUGE_PAGES.
Instructs the compiler that global or external pointers and arrays do not overlap or conflict with each other and are independent.
Instructs the compiler to use relaxed precision in the calculation of some intrinsic functions. Can result in improved performance at the expense of numerical accuracy. The default on an AMD system is "-Mfprelaxed=sqrt,rsqrt,order". The default on an Intel system is "-Mfprelaxed=rsqrt,sqrt,div,order"
Generate zero-overhead C++ exception handlers.
Specify the type of the target processor as AMD64 Barcelona Processor 32-bit mode.
Staticily link with the PGI runtime libraries. System libraries may still be dynamically linked.
Compiler will optimize code for selected platform. The default value, auto, means to optimize for the platform on which the compiler is running, as determined by reading /proc/cpuinfo. anyx86 means a generic 32-bit x86 processor without SSE2 support.
Equivalent to -O3 -ipa -OPT:Ofast -fno-math-errno -ffast-math.
Use optimizations selected to maximize performance.
Although the optimizations are generally safe, they may affect
floating point accuracy due to rearrangement of computations.
NOTE: -Ofast enables -ipa (inter-procedural analysis), which places limitations on how libraries and .o files are built.
-INLINE:aggressive=(on|off|0|1): Tell the compiler to be more aggressive about inlining. The default is -INLINE:aggressive=OFF.
Compile for 32-bit ABI, also known as x86 or IA32.
-L
when used as an EXTRA_CLIB or EXTRA_CXXLIB variable,
results in linking with MicroQuill's SmartHeap 8 (32-bit) library
for Linux. This is a library that optimizes calls to new, delete, malloc and free.
Interprocedural Analysis option: Specifies the number of concurent IPA second pass compliation proccess that may be performed. This option speeds-up the compilation time on multi-core systems but does not perform any optimizations.
Interprocedural Analysis option: Specifies the number of concurent IPA second pass compliation proccess that may be performed. This option speeds-up the compilation time on multi-core systems but does not perform any optimizations.
Interprocedural Analysis option: Specifies the number of concurent IPA second pass compliation proccess that may be performed. This option speeds-up the compilation time on multi-core systems but does not perform any optimizations.
Interprocedural Analysis option: Specifies the number of concurent IPA second pass compliation proccess that may be performed. This option speeds-up the compilation time on multi-core systems but does not perform any optimizations.
Interprocedural Analysis option: Specifies the number of concurent IPA second pass compliation proccess that may be performed. This option speeds-up the compilation time on multi-core systems but does not perform any optimizations.
This section contains descriptions of flags that were included implicitly by other flags, but which do not have a permanent home at SPEC.
Level-two optimization (-O2 or -O) specifies global optimization. The -fast option generally will specify global optimization; however, the -fast switch will vary from release to release depending on a reasonable selection of switches for any one particular release. The -O or -O2 level performs all level-one local optimizations as well as global optimizations. Control flow analysis is applied and global registers are allocated for all functions and subroutines. Loop regions are given special consideration. This optimization level is a good choice when the program contains loops, the loops are short, and the structure of the code is regular.
The PGI compilers perform many different types of global optimizations, including but not limited to:
Level-one optimization specifies local optimization (-O1). The compiler performs scheduling of basic blocks as well as register allocation. This optimization level is a good choice when the code is very irregular; that is it contains many short statements containing IF statements and the program does not contain loops (DO or DO WHILE statements). For certain types of code, this optimization level may perform better than level-two (-O2) although this case rarely occurs.
The PGI compilers perform many different types of local optimizations, including but not limited to:
Instructs the compiler to completely unroll loops with a constant loop count of less than or equal to 1 where 1 is a supplied constant value. If no constant value is given, then a default of 4 is used. A value of 1 inhibits the complete unrolling of loops with constant loop counts.
Invokes the loop unroller.
Inline functions declared with the inline keyword.
Enable an optional post-pass instruction scheduling.
Enables loop-carried redundancy elimination, an optimization that can reduce the number of arithmetic operations and memory references in loops.
Eliminates operations that set up a true stack frame pointer for every function. With this option enabled, you cannot perform a traceback on the generated code and you cannot access local variables.
Instructs the vectorizer to search for vectorizable loops and, where possible, make use of SSE, SSE2, and prefetch instructions.
Enable automatic vector pipelining.
Instructs the vectorizer to enable certain associativity conversions that can change the results of a computations due to roundoff error. A typical optimization is to change an arithmetic operation to an arithmetic opteration that is mathmatically correct, but can be computationally different, due to round-off error.
Instructs the vectorizer to generate alternate code for vectorized loops when appropriate. For each vectorized loop the compiler decides whether to generate altcode and what type or types to generate, which may be any or all of:
The compiler also determines suitable loop count and array alignment conditions for executing the altcode.
Align "unconstrained" data objects of size greater than or equal to 16 bytes on cache-line boundaries. An "unconstrained" object is a variable or array that is not a member of an aggregate structure or common block, is not allocatable, and is not an automatic array. On by default on 64-bit Linux systems.
Set SSE to flush-to-zero mode; if a floating-point underflow occurs, the value is set to zero.
Treat denormalized numbers as zero. Included with "-fast" on Intel based systems. For AMD based systems, "-Mdaz" is not included by default with "-fast".
Use SSE/SSE2 instructions to perform scalar floating-point arithmetic on targets where these instructions are supported.
The maximum number of huge pages an application is allowed to use can be set at run time via the environment variable PGI_HUGE_PAGES. If not set, then the process may use all available huge pages when compiled with "-Msmartalloc=huge" or a maximum of n pages where the value of n is set via the compile time flag "-Msmartalloc=huge:n."
Instructs the compiler to use relaxed precision in the calculation of floating-point reciprocal square root (1/sqrt). Can result in improved performance at the expense of numerical accuracy.
Instructs the compiler to use relaxed precision in the calculation of floating-point square root. Can result in improved performance at the expense of numerical accuracy.
Instructs the compiler to use relaxed precision in the calculation of floating-point division. Can result in improved performance at the expense of numerical accuracy.
Instructs the compiler to allow floating-point expression reordering, including factoring. Can result in improved performance at the expense of numerical accuracy.
Interprocedural Analysis option: Recognize when targets of pointer dummy are aligned.
Interprocedural Analysis option: Remove arguments replaced by -Mipa=ptr,const
Interprocedural Analysis option: Enable pointer disambiguation across procedure calls.
Interprocedural Analysis option: Enable interprocedural constant propagation.
Interprocedural Analysis option: Fortran 90/95 Pointer disambiguation across calls.
Interprocedural Analysis option: Perform Fortran 90 array shape propagation.
Interprocedural Analysis option: Optimize references to global values.
Interprocedural Analysis option: Used to optimize calls to certain functions in the system standard C library, libc.
Interprocedural Analysis option: -Mipa=arg plus externalizes local pointer targets.
Interprocedural Analysis option: Pure function detection.
Specify the basic level of optimization desired.
The options can be one of the following:
0 Turn off all optimizations.
1 Turn on local optimizations that can be done quickly. Do peephole optimizations and instruction scheduling.
2 Turn on extensive optimization.
This is the default.
The optimizations at this level are generally conservative,
in the sense that they are virtually always beneficial and
avoid changes which affect
such things as floating point accuracy. In addition to the level
1 optimizations, do inner loop
unrolling, if-conversion, two passes of instruction scheduling,
global register allocation, dead store elimination,
instruction scheduling across basic blocks,
and partial redundancy elimination.
3 Turn on aggressive optimization.
The optimizations at this level are distinguished from -O2
by their aggressiveness, generally seeking highest-quality
generated code even if it requires extensive compile time.
They may include optimizations that are generally beneficial
but may hurt performance.
This includes but is not limited to turning on the
Loop Nest Optimizer, -LNO:opt=1, and setting
-OPT:roundoff=1:IEEE_arithmetic=2:Olimit=9000:reorg_common=ON.
s Specify that code size is to be given priority in tradeoffs with execution time.
If no value is specified, 2 is assumed.Invoke inter-procedural analysis (IPA). Specifying this option is identical to specifying -IPA or -IPA:. Default settings for the individual IPA suboptions are used.
-OPT:Ofast
Use optimizations selected to maximize performance.
Although the optimizations are generally safe, they may affect
floating point accuracy due to rearrangement of computations.
This effectively turns on the following optimizations:
-OPT:ro=2:Olimit=0:div_split=ON:alias=typed.
-OPT:roundoff,ro=(0|1|2|3)
Specify the level of acceptable departure from source language
floating-point, round-off, and overflow semantics.
The options can be one of the following:
0 = Inhibit optimizations that might affect the floating-point behavior. This is the default when optimization levels -O0, -O1, and -O2 are in effect.
1 = Allow simple transformations that might cause limited round-off or overflow differences. Compounding such transformations could have more extensive effects. This is the default when -O3 is in effect.
2 = Allow more extensive transformations, such as the reordering of reduction loops. This is the default level when -OPT:Ofast is specified.
3 = Enable any mathematically valid transformation.
-OPT:Olimit=N
Disable optimization when size of program unit is > N. When N is 0,
program unit size is ignored and optimization process will not be
disabled due to compile time limit.
The default is 0 when -OPT:Ofast is specified,
9000 when -O3 is specified; otherwise the default is 6000.
-OPT:div_split=(on|off|0|1)
The -OPT: option group controls miscellaneous optimizations. These options override defaults based on the main optimization level.
-OPT:alias=<name>
Specify the pointer aliasing model
to be used. By specifying one or more of the following for <name>,
the compiler is able to make assumptions throughout the compilation:
typed
Assume that the code adheres to the ANSI/ISO C standard
which states that two pointers of different types cannot point
to the same location in memory.
This is ON by default when -OPT:Ofast is specified.
restrict
Specify that distinct pointers are assumed to point to distinct,
non-overlapping objects. This is OFF by default.
disjoint
Specify that any two pointer expressions are assumed to point
to distinct, non-overlapping objects. This is OFF by default.
no_f90_pointer_alias
Specify that any two Fortran 90 pointer expressions are assumed to point
to distinct, non-overlapping objects. This is OFF by default.
Do not set ERRNO after calling math functions that are executed with a single instruction, e.g. sqrt. A program that relies on IEEE exceptions for math error handling may want to use this flag for speed while maintaining IEEE arithmetic compatibility. This is implied by -Ofast. The default is -fmath-errno.
-ffast-math improves FP speed by relaxing ANSI & IEEE rules. -fno-fast-math tells the compiler to conform to ANSI and IEEE math rules at the expense of speed. -ffast- math implies -OPT:IEEE_arithmetic=2 -fno-math-errno. -fno-fast-math implies -OPT:IEEE_arithmetic=1 -fmath-errno.
Enable generation of prefetch instructions on processors where they are supported.
Instructs the C/C++ compiler to override data dependencies between pointers of a given storage class.
This result has been formatted using multiple flags files. The "platform settings" from each of them appears next.
Linux Huge Page settings
In order to take full advantage of using PGI's huge page runtime library, your system must be configured to use huge pages. It is safe to run binaries compiled with "-Msmartalloc=huge" on systems not configured to use huge pages, however, you will not benefit from the performance improvements huge pages offer. To configure your system for huge pages perform the following steps:
Note that further information about huge pages may be found in your Linux documentation file: /usr/src/linux/Documentation/vm/hugetlbpage.txt
PGI_HUGE_PAGES
The maximum number of huge pages an application is allowed to use can be set at run time via the environment variable PGI_HUGE_PAGES. If not set, then the process may use all available huge pages when compiled with "-Msmartalloc=huge" or a maximum of n pages where the value of n is set via the compile time flag "-Msmartalloc=huge:n.
Using numactl to bind processes and memory to cores
For multi-copy runs or single copy runs on systems with multiple sockets, it is advantageous to bind a process to a particular core. Otherwise, the OS may arbitrarily move your process from one core to another. This can effect performance. To help, SPEC allows the use of a "submit" command where users can specify a utility to use to bind processes. We have found the utility 'numactl' to be the best choice.
numactl runs processes with a specific NUMA scheduling or memory placement policy. The policy is set for a command and inherited by all of its children. The numactl flag "--physcpubind" specifies which core(s) to bind the process. "-l" instructs numactl to keep a process memory on the local node while "-m" specifies which node(s) to place a process memory. For full details on using numactl, please refer to your Linux documentation, 'man numactl'
Note that some versions of numactl, particularly the version found on SLES 10, we have found that the utility incorrectly interprets application arguments as it's own. For example, with the command "numactl --physcpubind=0 -l a.out -m a", numactl will interpret a.out's "-m" option as it's own "-m" option. To work around this problem, a user can put the command to be run in a shell script and then run the shell script using numactl. For example: "echo 'a.out -m a' > run.sh ; numactl --physcpubind=0 bash run.sh"
ulimit -s <n>
Sets the stack size to n kbytes, or unlimited to allow the stack size to grow without limit.
ulimit -l <n>
Sets the maximum size of memory that may be locked into physical memory.
NCPUS
Sets the maximum number of OpenMP parallel threads auto-parallelized (-Mconcur) applications may use.
Linux Huge Page settings
In order to take full advantage of using PGI's huge page runtime library, your system must be configured to use huge pages. It is safe to run binaries compiled with "-Msmartalloc=huge" on systems not configured to use huge pages, however, you will not benefit from the performance improvements huge pages offer. To configure your system for huge pages perform the following steps:
Note that further information about huge pages may be found in your Linux documentation file: /usr/src/linux/Documentation/vm/hugetlbpage.txt
PGI_HUGE_PAGES
The maximum number of huge pages an application is allowed to use can be set at run time via the environment variable PGI_HUGE_PAGES. If not set, then the process may use all available huge pages when compiled with "-Msmartalloc=huge" or a maximum of n pages where the value of n is set via the compile time flag "-Msmartalloc=huge:n.
Using numactl to bind processes and memory to cores
For multi-copy runs or single copy runs on systems with multiple sockets, it is advantageous to bind a process to a particular core. Otherwise, the OS may arbitrarily move your process from one core to another. This can effect performance. To help, SPEC allows the use of a "submit" command where users can specify a utility to use to bind processes. We have found the utility 'numactl' to be the best choice.
numactl runs processes with a specific NUMA scheduling or memory placement policy. The policy is set for a command and inherited by all of its children. The numactl flag "--physcpubind" specifies which core(s) to bind the process. "-l" instructs numactl to keep a process memory on the local node while "-m" specifies which node(s) to place a process memory. For full details on using numactl, please refer to your Linux documentation, 'man numactl'
Note that some versions of numactl, particularly the version found on SLES 10, we have found that the utility incorrectly interprets application arguments as it's own. For example, with the command "numactl --physcpubind=0 -l a.out -m a", numactl will interpret a.out's "-m" option as it's own "-m" option. To work around this problem, a user can put the command to be run in a shell script and then run the shell script using numactl. For example: "echo 'a.out -m a' > run.sh ; numactl --physcpubind=0 bash run.sh"
ulimit -s <n>
Sets the stack size to n kbytes, or unlimited to allow the stack size to grow without limit.
ulimit -l <n>
Sets the maximum size of memory that may be locked into physical memory.
NCPUS
Sets the maximum number of OpenMP parallel threads auto-parallelized (-Mconcur) applications may use.
powersave -f
Makes the powersave daemon set the CPUs to the highest supported frequency.
HUGETLB_MORECORE
Setting this to yes instructs libhugetlbfs to override libc's normal morecore() function with a hugepage version and use it for malloc().
Flag description origin markings:
|
Indicates that the flag description came from the user flags file. |
|
Indicates that the flag description came from the suite-wide flags file. |
|
Indicates that the flag description came from a per-benchmark flags file. |
For questions about the meanings of these flags, please contact the tester.
For other inquiries, please contact webmaster@spec.org
Copyright 2006-2014 Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation
Tested with SPEC CPU2006 v1.1.
Report generated on Tue Jul 22 23:05:13 2014 by SPEC CPU2006 flags formatter v6906.